The supply circuit required protection at 125% of the maximum rated current for example, charging equipment rated at 16 amperes ("amps" or "A") continuous current required a breaker sized to 20 A. Under the 1999 NEC, Level 1 charging equipment (as defined in the NEC handbook but not in the code) was connected to the grid through a standard NEMA 5-20R 3-prong electrical outlet with grounding, and a ground-fault circuit interrupter was required within 12 in (300 mm) of the plug. The National Electric Transportation Infrastructure Working Council (IWC) was formed in 1991 by the Electric Power Research Institute with members drawn from automotive manufacturers and the electric utilities to define standards in the United States early work by the IWC led to the definition of three levels of charging in the 1999 National Electric Code (NEC) Handbook. Voltage and power Early standards NEC(1999) levels : 9 Method uses the term charging station as the location of a group of chargers, and the term connector for an individual EVSE. electric vehicle connectors, attachment plugs, and all other fittings, devices, power outlets, or apparatuses". NEC-1999 also defined the term "electric vehicle supply equipment" as the entire unit "installed specifically for the purpose of delivering energy from the premises wiring to the electric vehicle", including "conductors. The terms "electric vehicle connector" and "electric vehicle inlet" were previously defined in the same way under Article 625 of the United States National Electric Code (NEC) of 1999. Vehicle inlet: the port on the electric vehicle that receives charging power.Connector: the end of the flexible cable that interfaces with the vehicle inlet.Cable: a flexible bundle of conductors that connects the EVSE with the electric vehicle.In North America, the socket outlet and plug are not used because the cable is permanently attached. Plug: the end of the flexible cable that interfaces with the socket outlet on the EVSE.Socket outlet: the port on the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) that supplies charging power to the vehicle.In 2011, the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) defined the following terms: Nomenclature Charging station and vehicle terminology Notably, Tesla has developed proprietary technology in these areas, and built its charging networking starting in 2012. Standards are available for nomenclature, power, and connectors. Multiple standards have been established for charging technology to enable interoperability across vendors. Private charging stations are typically found at residences, workplaces, and hotels. Public charging stations are typically found street-side or at retail shopping centers, government facilities, and other parking areas. DC charging stations are commonly equipped with multiple connectors to be able to charge a wide variety of vehicles that utilize competing standards. Most modern electric car models can accept both AC and DC power.Ĭharging stations provide connectors that conform to a variety of international standards. The station then supplies DC power to the vehicle directly, bypassing the onboard converter. DC chargers facilitate higher power charging (which requires much larger AC-to-DC converters) by building the converter into the charging station instead of the vehicle to avoid size and weight restrictions. At an AC charging station, AC power from the grid is supplied to this onboard charger, which converts it into DC power to then recharge the battery. For this reason, most electric vehicles have a built-in AC-to-DC converter commonly known as the "onboard charger". Electric vehicle batteries can only be charged by direct current (DC) electricity, while most mains electricity is delivered from the power grid as alternating current (AC). There are two main types: AC charging stations and DC charging stations. Bottom-right: converted Toyota Priuses recharging at public charging stations in San Francisco (2009).Ī charging station, also known as a charge point or electric vehicle supply equipment ( EVSE), is a power supply device that supplies electrical power for recharging plug-in electric vehicles (including battery electric vehicles, electric trucks, electric buses, neighborhood electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles).Bottom-left: Nissan Leaf recharging from a NRG Energy eVgo station in Houston, Texas.Top-right: Brammo Empulse electric motorcycle at an AeroVironment charging station and Pay as you go electric vehicle charging point.
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